Abu bakr, umar, uthman and ali may allah be pleased with them all. The islamic empire expanded greatly during this time, from arabia to persia, syria, armenia, egypt, and cyprus. The umayyads fell to the abbasids in 750 in all areas except spain. Pdf the institution of the caliphate in islam has an honorable place. Doha center analysis analysispaper number, november 2014. The first four caliphs of islam four caliphs, known as rightlyguided, would help a bahai readership put the subject into a broader perspective than exists at present at the time of the death of muhammad in 632 ce, islam and the islamic community were vibrant, active and expanding they controlled most of the arabian. In view of his great service for the cause of islam at that critical moment when there was a lot of confusion, hazrat abu bakr is rightly given the title of the saviour of islam. These are the recommended books on lives of four caliphs. Four caliphate ebook the history of the khalifahs jalal addin assuyuti october 24, 2015 admin authors, by topic, companions sahabi, jalal addin assuyuti, muslim rulers, muslim world and homes abu bakr, ali, ali ibn abi talib, four caliphate, khulafa e rashideen, muslim rulers, the history of khilafahs, umar, umar ibn. Rightly guided, or perfect, the first four caliphs of the islamic community, known in muslim history as the orthodox or patriarchal caliphs. The history of the four caliphs white thread press. The companions and the soldiers of allah fought for the cause of allah and to spread the revealed word of allah to the far corners of the world. Hazrat abu bakr was the closest friend of prophet muhammad pbuh. Succession to the caliphate in early islam pdxscholar portland.
Some muslims consider all four of the rightlyguided caliphs to be legitimate successors to the prophet, whereas others accept only ali. The islamic caliphate declared by abubakr albaghdadi a year ago is a most. This programme explores what happened next, with the age of the four caliphs. This might include an explanation that sunni muslims refer to the four as the rashiduun rightly guided.
Jan 01, 20 thus islam, the religion of the whole of mankind, started to spread across the world under his rule. The first caliph was in 34th direct lineal male descent of caliph umar ibn alkhattab. Muhammad pbuh is a period when the religion of islam spread by going beyond the arabian peninsula. The lives of the four caliphs all three formats payhip. He discusses in detail the rule of the three caliphs and of imam ali after that. Subject categories frequently asked questions special files videos audios. They believe that ali was not a real caliph and that the rulers after the death of umar were only monarchs. The sunni term the four rightly guided caliphs was first used by the abbasid dynasty to refer to the four first political leaders after the prophets death. Malise ruthvens new book on fundamentalism is another example. These four caliphs were some of the closest companions of the prophet pbuh and his strongest adherents.
Caliphates and islamic culture the caliphate was the institution of leadership of the muslim umma community. Those caliphs who truly followed in the prophets footsteps are called the rightlyguided caliphs alkhulafaur rashidun in arabic. They believe that ali was not a real caliph and that the. It was a period during which islam flourished and spread widely beyond arabian peninsula to unify nations and large territories. May countless peace and blessings be showered upon our master muhammad, a mercy for the worlds. All four were among the earliest and closest companions of the prophet muhammad peace be on him. They are sometimes called the rightly guided caliphs because each of them learned about islam directly from muhammad. The rightly guided caliphs alkhulafaurrashidun the. These people stood by him in all sorts of circumstances whether favorable or adverse. The biography of umar ibn abdelazeez who is regarded as one of the rightly guided chaliphs is also included in this book.
Their reign effected the expansion of the islamic community beyond arabia but was characterized by the upheaval of the riddah wars, tribal uprisings in arabia, and the first muslim civil war fitnah. The rest of the major sections of islam that are sunni and shiya, do not believe in this caliphate system since mirza ghulam ahmed claimed to be a prophet which. Pdf analysing the institution of caliphate in the context of political. What is the difference between sunni and shiite muslims. The rashidun caliphate was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the islamic prophet muhammad. Their exemplary conduct and high moral character are a shining example for us. Muhammads sucssors the four caliphs what christians. They also served as muhammads closest friends and advisors during the early years of islam. Ali reigned 656661 the 29year rule of the rashidun was islams first experience without the leadership of the. Sunnis revere all four caliphs, while shiis regard ali as the first spiritual leader. Islamic state poses far greater challenges to itself than to the world.
The first four caliphs included abu bakr, umar ibn alkhattab, uthman ibn affan, and ali ibn abi talib. Follow ali and believe his descendants should have been the successors, not the other three caliphs. The time period under the leadership of the four caliphs is called the rashidun caliphate by historians. He brought unity among the muslims and crushed all the rebellions. During the era of the four caliphs, which followed the death of prophet muhammad saas, islam spread far beyond the boundaries of the arabian peninsula. The rashidun caliphate lasted for 30 years from 632 ce to 661 ce. Subject categories frequently asked questions special files videos.
Ibn katheer, attabari, assyooti and other historians. It covers from the time of his revelation until his death in 632 ce. In 622 he founded the first islamic state, a theocracy in medina, a city in western saudi arabia located north of mecca. The four rightly guided caliphs khaliphs abu bakr assideeq, umar ibn alkhattaab, uthmaan ibn affaan and ali ibn abi taalib. The first caliph who helped spread islam was muhammeds fatherinlaw, abubakr. The caliphates of the umayaad and abbasid dynasties 662 c. Four caliphs and spread of islam and conquest rise of islam. The rashidun caliphs often simply called, collectively, the rashidun, is a term used in sunni islam to refer to the 30year reign of the first four caliphs successors. Today the islamic community remains divided into sunni and shii branches. When analysing this definition, it is not difficult to notice that in almawardis. The life and times of the rightly guided caliphs is a detailed look into the remarkable contributions that each of these personalities made to islam. These caliphs, though the successive heads of a large empire, lived very simple lives, like ordinary men.
Believe that salvation lies within the whole of the community. We have not sent down the quran to you o muhammad to cause you distress. Caliph, in islamic history, the leader of the muslim community. Caliphate, sharia, islamic state, fiqh, caliph, islamic legal thought. The islam religion was founded by mohammed in the seventh century. Each one of them had particular special merits which distinguished him from the others. In this book, the author covers the history of shii islam from after the death of the prophet. The first islamic civil war took place during the reign of ali and was fueled by controversy over the death of uthman.
Indeed, stemming from the time of the third caliph of islam uthman. Abu bakr, umar, uthman ibn affan, and ali of the rashidun. Caliphate of the rightly guided caliphs vs the umayyads. These caliphs, known collectively by the sunnis as the four rightly guided. Learning objectives are included at the start of the presentation. Aug 01, 2016 the rightly guided period is the 30 year reign of the first four caliphs of islam after the death of the prophet muhammad peace be upon him. This period, in which bright victories were gained and muslims lived in peace and welfare, is a nice example of the golden age, which was informed by the prophet pbuh. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link.
Guided caliphs abu bakr, umar, and uthman, as leaders of the muslim community. The sunni branch believes that the first four caliphsmohammeds successorsrightfully took his. The title was first used when abu bakr, companion of the prophet muhammad and an early convert to islam, was chosen to assume muhammads political and administrative functions after muhammads death in 632 ce. Binali, jabr alrayn fi ritha aljibrin the force of. He also delves into the history of the ummayad rulers and their actions. The caliph is personally responsible for exercising power in the community and is entitled to take any measures to serve the interests of the community providing that he follows sharia. We need to read these books to learn all the lessons we can learn from their lives. The four rightly guided caliphs islamic civilization. Biographies of the rightlyguided caliphs english imam. Muslims have played a vital role in the progress and advancement of human civilization.
As long as the caliph s policy lies within this framework, he is empowered to demand absolute obedience and subordination from muslims. In contrast to this shia muslims do not accept the leadership of the first three caliphs, believing that muhammad pbuh had chosen. These are the recommended books on lives of four caliphs of islam. By the time of muhammads death in 632, islam had become a dominant. The rightly guided caliphate was the period of spread of islam to various corners of the world. The four caliphs who followed the prophet in the leadership of the muslim. Some candidates might explain the four caliphs are viewed very differently by shia and sunni muslims. Hazrat abu bakr, hazrat umer, hazrat usman, hazrat ali. The question of political leadership had remained unanswered in muhammeds teachings, with no provisions on who should fulfill this position or how a new leader should be appointed. One faction, the shia, believed that only individuals with direct lineage to the prophet could guide the muslim community righteously. Ali ibn abitalib, fourth rashidun caliph and first imam of shia islam. These first four caliphs were called rightly guided because they were all companions of the prophet muhammad and learned the ways of islam directly from muhammad. History of islam the prophet muhammad peacefully established the haj at mecca, but he died, without naming a successor, a few months after delivering a sermon there on the egalitarian and communal philosophy behind islam.
The biography of umar ibn abdelazeez who is regarded as one of the rightly guided khaliphs is also included in this book. After the first four caliphs 632 661, leadership passed to the umayyad family, beginning the caliphate of the umayyad dynasty. We are hugely indebted to them for their sacrifice and dedication, which helped in the preservation of the quran and the spread of islam throughout the world. This period, in which bright victories were gained and muslims lived in peace and welfare, is a nice example of. May 22, 2018 this is a presentation about the development of islam under the prophet of islam, muhammad.
They were not just great leaders of the islamic state. Nevertheless, since it would not be practical to use a title such as khaliftu khalifti rasulallah, umar preferred the term amir almuminin that lays stress on leadership. The first four caliphs are known as the rashidun in sunni islam, which means the rightly guided or righteous caliphs. The city of medina served as the first capital of the caliphate. The first four caliphs the successors to the islamic prophet muhammad reigned from the years 632661. Principles of belief islam fiqh metaphysics creation. Feb, 2016 as the first four caliphs, abu bakr, umar, uthman, and ali, had each a spiritual station commensurate with the function they performed, they are called alkhulafa arrashidun, the rightly guided or the patriarchal caliphs glasse 112. The rightlyguided caliphs al khulafaurrashidunurrashidun those caliphs who truly followed in the prophets foot steps are called the rightlyguided caliphs al khulafaur rashidun in arabic. At the time of the death of muhammad in 632 ce, islam and the islamic community were vibrant, active and expanding. They are non other than the four noblest and greatest companions of the final messenger of allah s. This is a list of people who have held the title of caliph, the supreme religious and political leader of an islamic state known as the caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the islamic ummah. This disagreement led to a split in islam and the emergence of its two main branches, sunni and shia. Other beliefs hold that only the first three caliphs were true caliphs. The era of the four caliphs, after the death of hz.
Bring support to islam through the conversions to islam either one of the two umars, umar ibn alkhattab or amr ibn hisham. The first four caliphs, abu bakr 6324, umar 63444, uthman. Sep 25, 2017 caliphs of islam are the most talked about people. Statements of the four rightly guided caliphs of islam regarding the mawlid celebration verified by huzoor tajush shariah allama akhtar raza alazhari rahimahullah imam shahab aldeen ahmad ibn hajar alhaitami makki alshafei d. The first four caliphs of islam, who occupy a special place in islam, are referred to as alkhulafaurrashidun the rightly guided caliphs because they are deemed to have faithfully followed the example of muhammad in leading the muslim community of which they were the religious, political, military and judicial heads. The first caliph was abu bakr, followed by umar, uthman and ali. Pdf discussion over theological and political foundations of. It was a time when muslims won great victories and lived in comfortable easein all, a good foretaste of the golden age predicted by the prophet saas. Following the death of the prophet muhammad in 632, islam was lead by a series of four caliphs who had known the prophet.
The four guided caliphs were not interested in worldly interests but preservation of the religion of allah and abiding by the teachings of muhammad pbuh. Rashidun, the first four caliphs of the islamic community after the death of muhammad. Abu bakr assideeq his name, nickname and title his birth and early life his physical description his acceptance of islam. The four caliphs were the first four leaders of islam that succeeded the prophet muhammad. Among, these people, four are especially important and they also succeeded holy prophet pbuh after his death and thus became the first four pious caliphs of islam.